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- ******************************************************
- * Eukaryotic thiol (cysteine) proteases active sites *
- ******************************************************
-
- Eukaryotic thiol proteases (EC 3.4.22.-) [1] are a family of proteolytic
- enzymes which contain an active site cysteine. Catalysis proceeds through a
- thioester intermediate and is facilitated by a nearby histidine side chain; an
- asparagine completes the essential catalytic triad. The proteases which are
- currently known to belong to this family are listed below (references are
- only provided for recently determined sequences).
-
- - Vertebrate lysosomal cathepsins B (EC 3.4.22.1), H (EC 3.4.22.16), L
- (EC 3.4.22.15), and S (EC 3.4.22.27) [2].
- - Vertebrate lysosomal dipeptidyl peptidase I (EC 3.4.14.1) (also known as
- cathepsin C) [3].
- - Vertebrate calpains (EC 3.4.22.17). Calpains are intracellular calcium-
- activated thiol protease that contain both a N-terminal catalytic domain
- and a C-terminal calcium-binding domain.
- - Bleomycin hydrolase. An enzyme that catalyzes the inactivation of the
- antitumor drug BLM (a glycopeptide).
- - Plant enzymes: barley aleurain (EC 3.4.22.16), EP-B1/B4; kidney bean EP-C1,
- rice bean SH-EP; kiwi fruit actinidin (EC 3.4.22.14); papaya latex papain
- (EC 3.4.22.2), chymopapain (EC 3.4.22.6), caricain (EC 3.4.22.30), and
- proteinase IV (EC 3.4.22.25); pea turgor-responsive protein 15A; pineapple
- stem bromelain (EC 3.4.22.32); rape COT44; rice oryzain alpha, beta, and
- gamma [4]; tomato low-temperature induced.
- - House-dust mites allergens DerP1 and EurM1.
- - Cathepsin B-like proteinases from the worms Caenorhabditis elegans (gene
- gcp-1) [5], Schistosoma mansoni (antigen SM31), Haemonchus contortus (genes
- AC-1 and AC-2), and Ostertagia ostertagi.
- - Slime mold cysteine proteinases CP1 and CP2.
- - Cruzipain from Trypanosoma cruzi [6] and Trypanosoma brucei.
- - Throphozoite cysteine proteinase (TCP) from Plasmodium falciparum [7].
- - Proteases from Leishmania mexicana, Theileria annulata and Theileria parva.
- - Baculoviruses cathepsin-like enzyme (v-cath) [8].
- - Drosophila small optic lobes protein (gene sol) [9], a neuronal protein
- that contains a calpain-like domain.
- - Yeast thiol protease BLH1/YCP1/LAP3 [10].
-
- Two other proteins are structurally related to this family, but may have lost
- their proteolytic activity.
-
- - Soybean oil body protein P34 [11]. This protein has its active site
- cysteine replaced by a glycine.
- - Plasmodium falciparum serine-repeat protein (SERA), the major blood stage
- antigen. This protein of 111 Kd possesses a C-terminal thiol-protease-like
- domain [12], but the active site cysteine is replaced by a serine.
-
- The sequences around the three active site residues are well conserved and can
- be used as signature patterns.
-
- -Consensus pattern: Q-x(3)-[GE]-x-C-[YW]-x(2)-[STAGC]-[STAGCV]
- [C is the active site residue]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for soybean P34, plasmodium SERA antigen, and Theileria annulara protease.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: mouse transglutaminase C and lectin
- bra-3 from barnacle.
-
- -Note: the residue in position 4 of the pattern is almost always cysteine; the
- only exceptions are calpains (Leu), bleomycin hydrolase (Ser) and yeast YCP1
- (Ser).
- -Note: the residue in position 5 of the pattern is always Gly except in papaya
- protease IV where it is Glu.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [LIVMGSTAN]-x-H-[GSACE]-[LIVM]-x-[LIVMAT](2)-G-x-[GSNH]
- [H is the active site residue]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for calpains and 4 other thiol proteases.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 30.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [FYC]-[WI]-[LIVT]-x-[KRQAG]-N-[ST]-W-x(3)-[FYW]-G-x(2)-G-
- [FYW]-[LIVMFYG]-x-[LIVMF]
- [N is the active site residue]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for calpains, bromelain, yeast BLH1 and tomato low-temperature induced
- protease.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Note: the active sites sequences of prokaryotic thiol proteases (such as
- clostripain or streptococcal cysteine protease) differs from that of
- eukaryotic proteases.
-
- -Expert(s) to contact by email: Turk B.
- turk@ijs.ac.mail.yu
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Patterns and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Dufour E.
- Biochimie 70:1335-1342(1988).
- [ 2] Ritonja A., Colic A., Dolenc I., Ogrinc T., Podobnik M., Turk V.
- FEBS Lett. 283:329-331(1991).
- [ 3] Kominami E., Ishidoh K., Muno D., Sato N.
- Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 373:367-373(1992).
- [ 4] Watanabe H., Abe K., Emori Y., Hosoyama H., Arai S.
- J. Biol. Chem. 266:16897-16902(1991).
- [ 5] Ray C., McKerrow J.H.
- Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 51:239-250(1992).
- [ 6] Eakin A.E., Mills A.A., Harth G., McKerrow J.H., Craik C.S.
- J. Biol. Chem. 267:7411-7420(1992).
- [ 7] Rosenthal P.J., Nelson R.G.
- Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 51:143-152(1992).
- [ 8] Kuzio J., Faulkner P.
- EMBL/GenBank: M67451.
- [ 9] Delaney S.J., Hayward D.C., Barleben F., Fischbach K.-F., Miklos G.L.G.
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:7214-7218(1991).
- [10] Kambouris N.G., Burke D.J., Creutz C.E.
- J. Biol. Chem. 267:21570-21576(1992).
- [11] Kalinski A., Weisemann J.M., Matthews B.F., Herman E.M.
- J. Biol. Chem. 265:13843-13848(1990).
- [12] Higgins D.G., McConnell D.J., Sharp P.M.
- Nature 340:604-604(1989).
-